Batavia City Hall, now in the Old Town (Kota Tua) of Jakarta
When speakers of one language encounter those of another, they often insert words of the other language into their own. This is called code switching. They may do this for a number of reasons. One of these is that they lack a word to describe a new thing or idea they encounter or because the new language has more prestige than their own. When the Dutch began trading with people in East Asia, they encountered many new things, such as goods, types of ship, coins and units of measure, to name but a few. The Dutch were prodigious record keepers, noting down almost everything that happened at their trading posts on Java, in Taiwan, on Kyushu, Japan and elsewhere in dagregisters, or factory journals. These facts mean that the Dutch language in these journals is full of code switching. A recent project on the factory journals kept at Batavia, the centre of Dutch trading activities in the East Indies, gives a sense of the number of non-Dutch words inserted into the Dutch texts.
In one or two cases, the words are of Portuguese origin, such as pancado, a fixed price for raw silk. There are also Arabic and Persian words. The Arabic coin کبير (from the Arabic for 'big') and Persian gīlān ( گيلان ), a type of silk, are two examples, reminding us that the Dutch trading network spread to the Middle East. From the Indonesian archipelago we find words such as the Malay gantang, a unit of weight, and the Javanese demang, a district chief.
Several forms of Chinese are used in Dutch texts. The Mandarin huáng chuán (艎舡), a type of large boat, is often given in a Malay form, wankang. Cantonese is represented with sum, a type of ginseng and Hokkein with the word for 'tea' tê (茶), which has given rise to most European words for tea, with a couple of exceptions such as Portuguese chá (from Mandarin) and Polish herbata. Japanese coins such as the ichibu (一分) are mentioned in the Dutch records and Hindi words such as kāch (काछ), a type of cloth are also used in cases of code switching.
Several forms of Chinese are used in Dutch texts. The Mandarin huáng chuán (艎舡), a type of large boat, is often given in a Malay form, wankang. Cantonese is represented with sum, a type of ginseng and Hokkein with the word for 'tea' tê (茶), which has given rise to most European words for tea, with a couple of exceptions such as Portuguese chá (from Mandarin) and Polish herbata. Japanese coins such as the ichibu (一分) are mentioned in the Dutch records and Hindi words such as kāch (काछ), a type of cloth are also used in cases of code switching.
Clearly, these texts are still Dutch, although the vocabulary is very different from that being used in the Low Countries. We might call this form of Dutch used in East Asia a regiolect, or thalassolect (sea language) or perhaps emporiolect (a trading language). However, whatever we call it, what the above underlines is the diversity of the history of Dutch. In this regard, it may be better to talk, along with Peter Burke, of Dutches than one Dutch language.
Further reading:
Lohanda, Mona, et al., VOC Glossary Indonesia, Published Version 1.0 on February, 6th 2018.
Very interesting! Bartie Thijs
ReplyDeleteThanks for your feedback Bartie.
DeleteHello everyone..Welcome to my free masterclass strategy where i teach experience and inexperience traders the secret behind a successful trade.And how to be profitable in trading I will also teach you how to make a profit of $12,000 USD weekly and how to get back all your lost funds feel free to email me on( brucedavid004@gmail.com ) or whataspp number is +22999290178
DeleteLEGIT COMPANY WERE YOU CAN GET BLANK ATM CARD. I was searching for loan to sort out my bills & debts, then i saw comments about Blank ATM Card that can be hacked and withdraw money from any ATM machines around you anywhere in the world . I doubted thus but decided to give it a try by contacting united blank ATM hack card they responded with their guidelines on how the card works. I was assured that the card can withdraw $5,000 instant per day & was credited with $20,000 so i requested for one & paid the delivery fee to obtain the card, after 72 hours later, i was shock to see the Courier agent in my resident with a parcel {card} i signed and went back inside and confirmed the card work's after the agent left. This is no doubts because i have the card & has made used of the card. Contact these email if you wants to get rich with this. globalatmcardhackingservice@gmail.com
Delete
DeleteI lost my bitcoin to fake block chain. com impostors on Facebook, they contacted me as block chain official support and i fell stupidly for their mischievous act, this made them gain access into my block chain wallet whereby 7.0938 b t c was stolen from my wallet in total .I was almost in a comma and dumbfounded because this was all my savings i relied on . Then I made a research online and found a recovery expert , with the contact address- CYBERDEMONHACKER432@GMAIL.COM .I wrote directly to the specialist explaining my loss. Hence, he helped me recover my bitcoin just after 2 days he helped me launch the recovery program , and the culprits were identified as well , all thanks to his expertise . I hope I have been able to help someone as well . Reach out to the recovery specialist to recover you lost funds from any form of online scam .
One of the best decision i ever made was contacting Dr Otonokpo to help me get my lover back, I was life filled with happiness after i contacted Dr Otonokpo because he didn't just bring my lover back to me he also made our love for each other more unique and superb. If you need to spice your relationship with more love and attention contact Dr Otonokpo on his Email Address otonokpotemple@gmail.com, call/whatsapp him via his contact +2348114129781 and be happy just like i am, thanks Dr Otonokpo for your great work.
DeleteOne of the best decision i ever made was contacting Dr Otonokpo to help me get my lover back, I was life filled with happiness after i contacted Dr Otonokpo because he didn't just bring my lover back to me he also made our love for each other more unique and superb. If you need to spice your relationship with more love and attention contact Dr Otonokpo on his Email Address otonokpotemple@gmail.com, call/whatsapp him via his contact +2348114129781 and be happy just like i am, thanks Dr Otonokpo for your great work.
Invest with 200$ and get a returns of 5,000$ within seven business working days.
ReplyDeleteWhy wasting your precious time online looking for a loan? When there is an opportunity for you to invest with 200$ and get a returns of 5,000$ within seven business working days. Contact us now for more information if interested on how you can earn big with just little amount. This is all about investing into Crude Oil and Gas Business.
Email: investmoneyoilgas@gmail.com
PLEASE READ!!
ReplyDeleteHello Guys!!! I am Ruth I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com
PLEASE READ!!
ReplyDeleteHello Guys!!! I am Ruth I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com
We are independent company Offering Loan at a cheapest interest(2%). We guarantee any kind of Loan, Government finance Project and Investor Project. etc If you are interested Kindly get back to me for more information via Email: collinsguzmanfundings@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteYOU WILLING TO HIRE THE REAL HACKERS TO GET ALL YOUR CYBER PROBLEMS FIXED WITH SWIFT RESPONSE?
ReplyDeleteOR A VICTIM OF THE BINARY OPTION SCAM? OR NEEDS TO RECOVER YOUR LOST FUNDS?
With pathfinderhacktech I'm giving you 100% guarantee that your jobs are safe with us and we're going to help you recover all your lost funds to scammers, Solving a problem which you know there’s an answer to is like climbing a mountain with a guide, along a trail someone else has laid.
Here is a defined platform that maps a positive step closer to surviving heavy threat on the internet. You can put a stop to your anxiety and constant fear of you getting ripped off by Scammers
This post is actually for those who are willing to turn their lives around for the better, either financial-wise or relationship-wise or businesses.
Our primary reason for this development is to ensure that those in need of help don’t get ripped off by scammers
This is a global idea that navigates a newbie to a prominent encounter ( Fully immersed to a degree that the subject in question Is a disorienting worthwhile experience on merits).
the pathfinderhacktecks
are a team of competence hackers with the mission and vision of making the internet a safer place for all,moreso we render efficient services to those having cyber problems.
Pathfinderhacktech has grown and expanded since it formation over the years due to the experience and professionalism of our management and technical staff. Our strength is based on our ability to bring together active cyber security professionals who individually has acquired enormous exposure in the world of HACKING
As part of our corporate goals, providing value added services to meet our client needs and requirements has been our sustaining impetus.
Our offer of proactive technical and managerial advice has always given us edge over and above our competitors.
The new development on the pathfinderhacktech platform is to assign to you the right HACKER to deal with your Particular kind of cyber issues depending on the kind of cyber problems you are willing to get fixed.
Here, you would be refer to a legit professional hacker known for massive skills and security abilities.
Skilled and trained on
▪Social media hacks ( facebook, twitter, Instagram, snapchat )
▪Email hacks
▪phone hacks
▪bitcoin hacks.
▪verified PayPal account hacks
▪database hacks
▪credit card top up
▪university score upgrade
▪money transfer
▪binary option funds recovery. ( recovered $5,567,078 million)
The binary option scam is another problem facing the internet today.
How do you avoid binary option scam and what do you do if you are a victim of the scam.
Be wary of adverts on the internet and mostly on social media promising high returns from binary options trading. The binary option is one of the highly recorded scam on the internet. The Binary options are a form of fixed-odds betting. Particularly a trade involving if an event will occur or not and the result is either positive or negative.
If the investor is right, then they stand a solid chance of winning and should see a return of the funds invested but if they are wrong, they lose thier full funds invested. The pathfinderhacktech are breeding effort to put an end to these unbearable swindle scheme taking over the internet and taking a solid step forward to render solution to those affected by the fleece…
Here would be our cyber security techniques to retrieving back the victims stolen funds. For more update and inquiries Contact slakeleroy (at)gmail(.)com
Are you in a financial crisis, looking for money to start your own business or to pay your bills?
ReplyDeleteGET YOUR BLANK ATM CREDIT CARD AT AFFORDABLE PRICE*
We sell this cards to all our customers and interested buyers
worldwide,Tho card has a daily withdrawal limit of $5000 and up to $50,000
spending limit in stores and unlimited on POS.
YOU CAN ALSO MAKE BINARY INVESTMENTS WITH LITTLE AS $500 AND GET $10,000 JUST IN SEVEN DAYS
**WHAT WE OFFER**
*1)WESTERN UNION TRANSFERS/MONEY GRAM TRANSFER*
*2)BANKS LOGINS*
*3)BANKS TRANSFERS*
*4)CRYPTO CURRENCY MINNING*
*5)BUYING OF GIFT CARDS*
*6)LOADING OF ACCOUNTS*
*7)WALMART TRANSFERS*
*8)BITCOIN INVESTMENTS*
*9)REMOVING OF NAME FROM DEBIT RECORD AND CRIMINAL RECORD*
*10)BANK HACKING*
**email blankatmmasterusa@gmail.com
**you can also call or whatsapp us Contact us today for more enlightenment *
*+1(539) 888-2243*
**BEWARE OF SCAMMERS AND FAKE HACKERS IMPERSONATING US BUT THEY ARE NOT
FROM *
*US CONTACT US ONLY VIA THIS CONTACT **
*WE ARE REAL AND LEGIT...........2020 FUNDS/FORGET ABOUT GETTING A LOAN..*
IT HAS BEEN TESTED AND TRUSTED
I am Leah Hart I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from united hacking company blank ATM card that can withdraw $5,500 daily. I got it from him last week and now I have withdrawn about $15,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met united hacking company because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now united hacking company sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to the united hacking company because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news contact. email address: unitedblankatmhackcard@gmail.com or whatsApp: +1 (208) 425-7799
ReplyDeleteEvery investor will always tell you that there's no better time to invest in the financial market. I've been into forex and binary trade for quite a while now, and I must say it really goes with loss without the right approach and strategy. I have gotten to the point where I understand that strategy is a key element of a long term successful trading. You can keep making wins at the beginning of a period and later, you start making losses toward the end of the trading period or even halfway. This results from little or no attention to the need for sustenance and consistency with the prevailing market structure. I've earned about $38,150 so far this month trading with Mr. Gavin ray strategies and working with his help trading for me. You may never find it easy trading on your own. If you are tired of losing so much money, I recommend you contact him via email- gavinray78@gmail.com or Whatsapp; +1 217-339-4023 he’s a genius trader.
ReplyDeleteBeware of fake hackers on here. I sorted a hacker on here but it turns out it was a scam and i lost the little bitcoin i had in my wallet in the process and i sorted another hacker to help me recover it but it turns out to be a scam also. With all hope lost, a friend introduced me to Anomaloushack@gmail.com and they helped me recover my bitcoin from the scammer in a short period of time. Anomaloushack@gmail.com is the best when it comes to anything hack related. They are 100% guarantee. You can thank me later.
ReplyDeleteI transfered 8,500 euros from my French bank account and it was done two days after,
ReplyDeletethe second transfer of 10,000 euros is blocked for more than 24 days because there is no full name of my husband on my bank account documents issued by La Société Générale, one of the biggest bank on the planet. When I ask them to send me back my money they still ask me a paper that I can not provide. My payouts were processed following my consultation with thehackerspro.com - a leading financial recovery intelligence.
If not for the help of anonymousmaskhat@gmail.com my wife would have taken my son away from me but I was quick to access her phone remotely and saw her conversations with her new man and also on how she planned on taking my child along with her.
ReplyDeleteIf not for the help of anonymousmaskhat@gmail.com my wife would have taken my son away from me but I was quick to access her phone remotely and saw her conversations with her new man and also on how she planned on taking my child along with her.
ReplyDeleteI am so happy investing with Carlos E Trading Signal.. He has really helped after I lost my job. I started investing as little as $200 and now I earn over $2,500 weekly. So happy you can contact him on his Email: carlose78910@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteVia whatsapp: (+12166263236)
Hacking is a way of looking at problems that no one thought of,that is what Anomalous hack is about.we see the solution to an unknown problem. We don't boast because we are the best and always get the job done.
ReplyDeleteI am top programmers from all over the world working to satisfy our client. I have a reputation for be the the best and ensuring our client job done, fast and untraceable and I'll like to keep it that way. Just tell me what you want and I will work it done.
I render all hack related services and beyond, such as:
➡️ Social media account hack
➡️ Game hack
➡️ Website and database hack
➡️ Clearing criminal record
➡️ Bank account hack
➡️ Location tracking
➡️ Software cracking
➡️ Grade system hack
➡️ Fund recovery from Scammers
➡️ Recovery of deleted files
➡️ Bitcoin mining
➡️ Bitcoin recovering and lots more.
Contact info 24/7
🟢 frediedylan@gmail.com
🟢 whatsapp no.+447418325726
🟢 icq no.759936024
If you have lost money trading binary options don’t feel bad or if your bitcoin has been lost/stolen, message **[ instantrecovery12{at} /(gmail)/dot com]** to complain, they just helped me recover my funds $96, 000 from greenfield capital the whole process was smooth and after what these brokers had done to me, This Recovery Company and their team of experts were really true to their word, I am very happy to share this with everybody that lost to binary options /bitcoin
ReplyDeleteBE SMART AND BECOME RICH IN LESS THAN 3DAYS....It all depends on how fast
ReplyDeleteyou can be to get the new PROGRAMMED blank ATM card that is capable of
hacking into any ATM machine,anywhere in the world. I got to know about
this BLANK ATM CARD when I was searching for job online about a month
ago..It has really changed my life for good and now I can say I'm rich and
I can never be poor again. The least money I get in a day with it is about
$50,000.(fifty thousand USD) Every now and then I keeping pumping money
into my account. Though is illegal,there is no risk of being caught
,because it has been programmed in such a way that it is not traceable,it
also has a technique that makes it impossible for the CCTVs to detect
you..For details on how to get yours today, email the hackers on : (
atmmachinehackers1@gmail.com ). Tell your
loved once too, and start to live large. That's the simple testimony of how
my life changed for good...Love you all ...the email address again is ;
atmmachinehackers1@gmail.com
If you require professional help to recover your stolen cryptocurrency, forgot your password, sent to the wrong wallet address or hack your spouse’s phone remotely, contact easybinarysolutions@gmail.com for assistance.
ReplyDeleteOne of the best decision i ever made was contacting Dr Otonokpo to help me get my lover back, I was life filled with happiness after i contacted Dr Otonokpo because he didn't just bring my lover back to me he also made our love for each other more unique and superb. If you need to spice your relationship with more love and attention contact Dr Otonokpo on his Email Address otonokpotemple@gmail.com, call/whatsapp him via his contact +2348114129781 and be happy just like i am, thanks Dr Otonokpo for your great work.
ReplyDeleteOne of the best decision i ever made was contacting Dr Otonokpo to help me get my lover back, I was life filled with happiness after i contacted Dr Otonokpo because he didn't just bring my lover back to me he also made our love for each other more unique and superb. If you need to spice your relationship with more love and attention contact Dr Otonokpo on his Email Address otonokpotemple@gmail.com, call/whatsapp him via his contact +2348114129781 and be happy just like i am, thanks Dr Otonokpo for your great work.
All thanks to Dr Otonokpo for restoring my Job and my lost money, I don't even know how to thank him enough.
ReplyDeleteMy name is Michael Rainer from USA, I lost my job due to the outbreak of covid 19 and I was so helpless that I couldn't even know what to do and then I lost the little money I have left with me to some fraudster and I cried but no one could help. So when I narrated the story to my friend SANDRA CORDELIA she tried to calm me down and said there is someone that can help me regain all that I lost but I never believed her until she told me about Dr Otonokpo and she gave me his contacts and I contacted him, and he said I should not worry that everything will come back to me, after 2 weeks I was called back to resume work and the fraudster that ripped me off my money called to refund my money back to me.
I am very happy I met Dr Otonokpo, if you have any problem at all you can contact Dr Otonokpo if you also want your ex back, if you seek fruit of the womb, promotion in your work, protection from guns and cutlass through his email: otonokpotemple@gmail.com. WhatsApp: +2348114129781
I just have to introduce this hacker that I have been working with him on getting my credit score been boosted across the Equifax, TransUnion and Experian report. He made a lot of good changes on my credit report by erasing all the past eviction, bad collections and DUI off my credit report history and also increased my FICO score above 876 across my three credit bureaus report you can contatc him for all kind of hacks . Email him here via Email him here via hackintechnology@gmail.com or whatsapp Number: +1 213 295 1376.
ReplyDeleteMaking online purchases or investments are becoming increasingly difficult , There are rippers everywhere on the internet looking for whom to take advantage of, I am a victim too. I have been dealing cryptocurrencies for almost a decade , I was introduced to .... as the most profitable investment platforms out there , I could buy cryptocurrencies at 40% discount once I am an investor on the website , It was a good deal for me , I started with 3btc and got my returns and reinvested it on the site , I went all out ,got money to buy more , At my third deal I invested 30btc at the rate of 13000usd/btc .. I was unable to withdraw , trade or access my $390000 worth of btc afterwards, My world was shattered and the banks were ready to take my house , Worst way to get a divorce .. I reported to the police but there was little information for them to start with, one of the officers who became a close friend told me about a private investigation firm here in the United States , He gave me the contact of wizard wilson who i have experienced magic w. that he could help me recover my funds and even trace the culprits if need be , I never believed it until I met him and talked about my situation, He showed me a list and over 150 clients on his catalogue reported a similar situation from different platforms.. I was fortunate to meet him, He is very professional and excellent at his job , He tracked out my profile and traced it out to the master wallet... He confirmed how much I have invested and transferred it to my wallet like it was magic,You can reach the firm from the wizardwilsonsoftware (@) Yahoo.com his whatsapp number +1(321) 621_1089
ReplyDeleteMy name's are Elizabeth Harrison from Chicago, IL. I work as a nurse by profession, was earning a little bit okay $3400 monthly, with my two kids I decided that I need to invest, the taught of my investment came after I meant a guy online who makes me feel comfortable and always talk me into self-employed business, I decide to always seek for his advice and he gave me a broker site where I can invest and have profit within a short period of time, I do really trust him but after I invested into the crypto site I discover he was behind everything and I have lost all my savings to him without knowing how he gets into me and lure me with his sweet fuckin words, he ruined my life and I couldn't be myself anymore. So i decide to seek for help, omg... any attempt i made i get more scammed couldn't figure out who was real and who wasn't and at the end of it all i came up with a decision that nothing on the internet is real again. after 2 months i gave up on recovery the money i sent to broker site by bitcoin payment which is up to $65,992 i was on Spotify trying to get some lonely songs for myself when i came across wizardwilsonsoftware (@) Yahoo.com (.) , it sounded real but i was scared to contact him cause it seems i'm not just lucky with making money on investment maybe i had to work through out my whole lifetime so i ignored but i was in a worker meeting when a discussion lead to bitcoin scam and i heard one of my co-worker saying wizard wilson got her funds back and i ask her how she reached him and she gave me this WhatsApp +1(321) 621_1089 i reached out to Wizard Wilson immediately i got home and we talked for long and i decide to put him to test, to end the whole story, i got more than what i loss on my new blockchain wallet, i was scared at first until he explained to me, a big thanks to the only real recovery hacker online and that's wizard wilson who i have experienced his magic wizard actually.
ReplyDeleteDo you need a business loan? we give out loans to interested customer that are seeking for loans to improve their businesses, we can assist you with a loan up to €15 Million euros. we offer loans at 3% interest rate. email us today
ReplyDeletejohnohunyon43@gmail.com